• Cotton Gin: The cotton gin is a machine that separates seeds, hulls and other unwanted materials from cotton after it has been picked. Eli Whitney patented the cotton gin on March 14, 1794. The machine turned cotton into a highly profitable crop and revived the economy of the South but it sustained and increased the institution of enslavement, which helped to create conditions that led to the American Civil War.
• Cotton Harvester: Mechanical cotton harvesters are of two types: strippers and pickers. Stripper harvesters strip the entire plant of both open and unopened bolls, along with many leaves and stems. The cotton gin is then used to remove unwanted material. Picker machines—often called spindle-type harvesters—remove cotton from open bolls and leave the bur on the plant. The spindles, which rotate on their axes at high speeds, are attached to a drum that also turns, causing the spindles to penetrate the plants. The cotton fibers are wrapped around the moistened spindles and then removed by a special device called a doffer; the cotton is then delivered to a large basket carried above the machine.
• Crop Rotation: Crop rotation was practiced in ancient Roman, African, and Asian cultures. During the Middle Ages in Europe, farmers practiced a three-year crop rotation by rotating rye or winter wheat in year one, followed by spring oats or barley in the second year, and followed by a third year of no crops. In the 18th century, British agriculturalist Charles Townshend boosted the European agricultural revolution by popularizing a four-year crop rotation method with rotations of wheat, barley, turnips, and clover.
• The Grain Elevator: In 1842, the first grain elevator was built by Joseph Dart. The invention has become so integral to farming that by 2018, there were nearly 900 grain elevators and grain storage facilities in the state of Iowa alone, according to Statistica. In the top 10 farming states, there were nearly 5,500 grain elevators and grain storage facilities.
• Hay Cultivation: The stationary baler or hay press was invented in the 1850s and did not become popular until the 1870s. The "pick up" baler or square baler was replaced by the round baler around the 1940s.

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